PHILIP S. STEWART 

Center Director
Professor - Chemical and Biological Engineering
Center for Biofilm Engineering
366 EPS - P.O. Box 173980
Montana State University-Bozeman
Bozeman, MT 59717-3980
Phone: 406-994-4770/Fax: 406-994-6098

HIGHEST DEGREE:

• Ph.D. Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, 1988.

PROFESSIONAL EXPERIENCE:

• Senior Chemical Engineer, Bechtel Environmental, San Francisco, California, 1990-1991.
• NATO Postdoctoral Fellow, Institut Jacques Monod, Paris, France 1988-1989.
• Research and Development Engineer, Lonza AG, Visp, Switzerland 1982-1983.

AREAS OF EXPERTISE:

• Biofilm control with antimicrobial agents
• Transport phenomena in biofilms
• Biofilm modeling
• Biofilm detachment

TOTAL PAPERS PUBLISHED: 112

SAMPLES OF RECENT PUBLICATIONS:

James, G.A., E. Swogger, R. Wolcott, E. deLancey Pulcini, P. Secor, J. Sestrich, J.W. Costerton and P.S. Stewart, "Biofilms in chronic wounds," Wound Repair and Regeneration 16:37-44 (2008) Abstract 08-002

Kim J., B. Pitts, P.S. Stewart, A. Camper, and J. Yoon, "Comparison of antimicrobial effect on biofilm of chlorine, silver ion and tobramycin," Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. Jan 2008; Epub ahead of print Abstract 08-003

Stewart, P.S. and M.J. Franklin, "Physiological heterogeneity in biofilms," Nat. Rev. Microbiol., 6(3):199-210 (2008) Abstract 08-005

Takenaka, S., H.M. Trivedi, A. Corbin, B. Pitts, and P.S. Stewart, "Direct visualization of spatial and temporal patterns of antimicrobial action within model oral biofilms,” Appl. Environ Microbiol, Jan 2008 Epub ahead of print, (2008) Abstract 08-004

Chambless J.D. and P.S. Stewart, "A 3D Computer Model Analysis of Three Hypothetical Biofilm Detachment Mechanisms," Biotechnol. Bioeng., 97(6):1573-1584 (2007) Abstract 07-001

Horswill A.R., P. Stoodley, P.S. Stewart, M.R. Parsek, "The Effect of the Chemical, Biological, and Physical Environment on Quorum Sensing in Structured Microbial Communities," Anal. Bioanal. Chem., 387(2):371-380 (2007)  Abstract 07-004

Klapper I., P. Gilbert, B.P. Ayati, J. Dockery and P.S. Stewart, "Senescence can explain microbial persistence," Microbiology 153(11):3623–3630 (2007) Abstract 07-022

Rani, S.A., B. Pitts, H. Beyenal, R.A. Veluchamy, Z. Lewandowski, W.M. Davison, K. Buckingham-Meyer, and P.S. Stewart, "Spatial Patterns of DNA Replication, Protein Synthesis and Oxygen Concentration Within Bacterial Biofilms Reveal Diverse Physiological States," J. Bacteriol., 189(11):4223-4233 (2007)  Abstract 07-005

Stewart, P.S., S.A. Rani, E. Gjersing, S.L. Codd, Z. Zheng, and B. Pitts, "Observations of Cell Cluster Hollowing in Staphylococcus epidermidis Biofilms," Letters in Applied Microbiology; 44(4): 454-457 (2007)  Abstract 07-007

Suci, P.A., D.L. Berglund, L. Liepold, S. Brumfield, B. Pitts, W. Davison, L. Oltrogge, K.O. Hoyt, S. Codd, P.S. Stewart, M. Young, and T. Douglas, "High-Density Targeting of a Viral Multifunctional Nanoplatform to a Pathogenic, Biofilm-Forming Bacterium," Chem. Biol., 14(4):387-398 (2007)  Abstract 07-008

Borriello, G., L. Richards, G.D. Ehrlich, and P.S. Stewart, "Arginine or Nitrate Enhances Antibiotic Susceptibility of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in Biofilms," Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., 50(1):382-384 (2006).

Chambless, J.D., S.M. Hunt and P.S. Stewart, "A Three-Dimensional Computer Model of Four Hypothetical Mechanisms Protecting Biofilms from Antimicrobials," Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 72(3):2005-2013 (2006).

Rabinovitch, C. and P.S. Stewart, "Removal and Inactivation of Staphylococcus epidermidis Biofilms by Electrolysis," Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 72(9):6364-6366 (2006)  Abstract 06-012

Abdul Rani, S., B. Pitts, and P.S. Stewart, "Rapid Diffusion of Fluorescent Tracers into Staphylococcus epidermidis Biofilms Visualized by Time Lapse Microscopy," Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., 49(2):728-732 (2005).

Ehrlich, G.D., P. Stoodley, S. Kathju, Y. Zhao, B. McLeod, N. Balaban, F.Z. Hu, N.G. Sotereanos, J.W. Costerton, P.S. Stewart, J.C. Post and Q. Lin, "Engineering Approaches for the Detection and Control of Orthopaedic Biofilm Infections," Clin. Orthop. Relat. R., 437:59-66 (2005).

Fux, C.A., J.W. Costerton, P.S. Stewart, and P. Stoodley, "Survival Strategies of Infectious Biofilms," Trends Microbiol., 13(1):34-40 (2005).

Gjersing, E.L., S.L.Codd, J.D. Seymour and P.S. Stewart, "Magnetic Resonance Microscopy Analysis of Advective Transport in a Biofilm Reactor," Biotechnol. Bioeng., 89(7):822-834 (2005).

Norris, P., M. Noble, I. Francolini, A.M. Vinogradov, P.S. Stewart, B.D. Ratner, J.W. Costerton and P. Stoodley, "Ultrasonically Controlled Release of Ciprofloxacin from Self-Assembled Coatings on Poly(2-Hydroxyethyl Methacrylate) Hydrogels for Pseudomonas aeruginosa Biofilm Prevention," Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., 49(10):4272-4279 (2005).

Roberts, M.E. and P.S. Stewart, "Modelling Protection from Antimicrobial Agents in Biofilms Through the Formation of Persister Cells," Microbiol.-UK, 151:75-80 (2005).

Stewart, P.S., "Diffusion Coefficient of Fluoride in Dental Plaque," J. Dent. Res., 84(12):1087-1088 (2005).

Szomolay, B, I. Klapper, J. Dockery and P.S. Stewart, "Adaptive Responses to Antimicrobial Agents in Biofilms," Environ. Microbiol., 7(8):1186-1191 (2005).

Xavier, J.B., C. Picioreanu, S. Abdul Rani, M.C.M. van Loosdrecht, and P.S. Stewart, "Biofilm-Control Strategies Based on Enzymic Disruption of the Extracellular Polymeric Substance Matrix - a Modeling Study," Microbiology, 51:3817-3832 (2005).

Borriello, G., E. Werner, F. Roe, A.M. Kim, G.D. Ehrlich and P.S. Stewart, "Oxygen Limitation Contributes to Antibiotic Tolerance of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in Biofilms," Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., 48(7):2659-2664 (2004). 

Hunt, S.M., E.M. Werner, B. Huang, M.A. Hamilton, and P.S. Stewart, "Hypothesis for the Role of Nutrient Starvation in Biofilm Detachment," Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 70(12):7418-7425 (2004).

Roberts, M.E. and P.S. Stewart, "Modeling Antibiotic Tolerance in Biofilms by Accounting for Nutrient Limitation," Antimicrob. Agents Chemother.,48(1):48-52 (2004).

Seymour, J.D., S.L. Codd, E.L. Gjersing, and P.S. Stewart, "Magnetic Resonance Microscopy of Biofilm Structure and Impact on Transport in a Capillary Bioreactor," J. Magnetic Resonance, 167:322-327 (2004).

Stewart, P.S., Mukherjee, K. and Ghannoum, M.A., "Biofilm Antimicrobial Resistance," In: Microbial Biofilms, Ghannoum, M.A. and O'Toole, G. (eds), ASM Press, Washington, DC pp. 250-268 (2004).

Werner, E., F. Roe, A. Bugnicourt, M.J. Franklin, A. Heydorn, S. Molin, B. Pitts, and P.S. Stewart, "Stratified Growth in Pseudomonas aeruginosa Biofilms," Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 70(10):6188-6196 (2004).

Zheng, Z. and P.S. Stewart, "Growth Limitation of Staphylococcus epidermidis in Biofilms Contributes to Rifampin Tolerance," Biofilms 1(1):31-35 (2004).

Anderl, J.N., J. Zahller, F. Roe and P.S. Stewart, "Role of Nutrient Limitation and Stationary-Phase Existence in Klebsiella pneumoniae Biofilm Resistance to Ampicillin and Ciprofloxacin," Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., 47:1251-1256 (2003). 

Mah, T.-F., B. Pitts, B. Pellock, G.C. Walker, P.S. Stewart and G.A. O'Toole, "A Genetic Basis for Pseudomonas aeruginosa Biofilm Antibiotic Resistance," Nature, 426:306-310 (2003).

Pitts, B., M.A. Hamilton, N. Zelver, and P.S Stewart, "A Microtiter-Plate Screening Method for Biofilm Disinfection and Removal," J. Microbiol. Methods, 54:269-276 (2003). 

Stewart, P., "Diffusion in Biofilms," J. Bacteriol., 185(5):1485-1491 (2003). 

Stewart, P.S., "New Ways to Stop Biofilm Infections," Lancet, 361(9352):97 (2003). 

Walters, MC 3rd, F. Roe, A. Bugnicourt, M.J. Franklin, and P.S. Stewart, "Contributions of Antibiotic Penetration, Oxygen Limitation, and Low Metabolic Activity to Tolerance of Pseudomonas aeruginosa Biofilms to Ciprofloxacin and Tobramycin," Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., 47(1):317-323 (2003).

Wend, C.F., P.S. Stewart, W. Jones, and A.K. Camper, "Pretreatment for Membrane Water Treatment Systems: A Laboratory Study," Water Research, 37(14):3367-3378 (2003). 

Chen, X. and P. S. Stewart, "Role of Electrostatic Interactions in Cohesion of Bacterial Biofilms," Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol., 59: 718-720, (2002).

Grobe, K.J., J. Zahller, and P.S. Stewart, “Role of Dose Concentration in Biocide Efficacy Against Pseudomonas aeruginosa Biofilms,” J. Ind. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 29(1):10-15 (2002).

Stewart, P.S., "Mechanisms of Antibiotic Resistance in Bacterial Biofilms," Internatl. J. Med. Microbiol., 292(2):107-113 (2002).

Zahller, J. and P.S. Stewart, "Transmission Electron Microscopic Study of Antibiotic Action on Klebsiella pneumoniae Biofilm," Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., 46(8):2679-2683 (2002).

Zheng, Z. and P.S. Stewart, "Penetration of Rifampin through Staphylococcus epidermidis Biofilms," Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, 46(3):900-903 (2002).

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